Of note, immunofluorescence (Fig. 3i) and immunoelectron microscopy (Fig. 3j) revealed frequent PD-L1 clusters in platelets obtained from peripheral blood of a PD-L1 positive NSCLC patient, further underlining functionality of pPD-L1, as immune ligand clustering has been described to be a prerequisite for proper binding to its receptor23. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.