Two-week metformin treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of AGEs, RAGE, phosphorylated NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2, indicating that metformin ameliorated isoflurane- and STZ-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway. Here, NFKB1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.