Accordingly, they demonstrated that hypoxia increased NF‐κB subunit p65 nuclear protein levels and that AF‐induced TrxR1 inhibition, decreased both NF‐κB p65 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels as well as mRNA levels of downstream NF‐κB regulated genes, Survivin and Cyclin D1. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and atrial fibrillation.