The re-emergence of this pathogen has been correlated with the transition from the use of whole-cell pertussis vaccines to acellular component vaccines (Bart et al. 2014; Melvin et al. 2014) which usually contain up to 5 purified B. pertussis antigens, namely the pertussis toxin, (PT), Filamentous Hemagglutinin (FHA), Pertactin (PRN), and Fimbriae (FIM2 and FIM3) (Dewan et al. 2020). Here, CIAO3 is linked to pertussis.