TCF4 and neoplasm: In addition, we found enrichment for the octamer binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4) pathway, which regulates stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency with emerging roles in regulating tumor initiating cells [38, 39], and for the Wnt beta-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt/β), involved in stem cell regeneration and organogenesis [40] (Fig. 5a).