For instance, Mei et al. [87] developed a personalized photothermal vaccine that integrates black phosphorus quantum dot nanovesicles (BPQD-CCNVs), GM-CSF, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) coated with 4T1-luc or B16F10-luc cancer cell membranes into a thermosensitive hydrogel to form a subcutaneous tumor vaccine (Figure 5). Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.