Post-mortem neurochemical analyses of putamen tissue from PD patients have supported the catecholaldehyde paradigm by documenting the double hit and DOPAL accumulation The mean DOPAL/dopamine ratio in PD is about five times that in controls, and DOPAL build-up is determined by decreased vesicular sequestration and decreased ALDH activity (Goldstein et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene LDHA and Parkinson disease.