The appearance of CD8+CD57+ T cells is associated with malignancy (lung cancer and pleural mesothelioma),47, 48, 49 chronic viral infections (human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus),50, 51, 52, 53, 54 mycobacterium infections (pulmonary tuberculosis),50, 55 autoimmune disease (multiple sclerosis,56 type 1 diabetes mellitus,56 and rheumatoid arthritis.57 This evidence concerns the gene B3GAT1 and lung cancer.