IFNB1 and infection: In addition, to determine the viral load, submerged primary nasal epithelial cells were infected with 0.5 and 1 MOI HRV16, and HRV16 RNA at 72 h and LDH activity and IFN-β, IFN-λ1/3, IL-6 levels after HRV16 infection were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection (Additional file 1: Fig. S2).