CTSB and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To confirm the significant role of novel-miR-7 in regulating hepatic sEV-induced microvascular endothelial permeability during NAFLD, we transfected MVECs with a specific novel-miR-7 inhibitor (GenePharma, Shanghai, China) and found that novel-miR-7 genetic inhibition markedly recovered LAMP1 deficiency, restored lysosomal permeabilization and ameliorated cathepsin B leakage induced by NAFLD hepatic sEVs (Fig. 6A, B).