Although the possibility that G-CSF may impact on a mesenchymal constituent to reprogram vascular niche cannot be excluded, the observations that vessel remodelling is specific to tumour-infiltrated areas and that endothelial cells express G-CSFR37,53 suggest that tumour-derived G-CSF directly activates BM ECs to induce vascular remodelling. Here, CSF3 is linked to neoplasm.