This has been predominantly attributed to the ability of G-CSF to: (i) recruit myeloid-derived suppressor cells and neutrophils, which suppress T-cell and NK-cell cytotoxic activity34,54,55; (ii) mobilise granulocytes to initiate pre-metastatic niche formation35; and (iii) release neutrophil extracellular traps that enhance tumour cell mobility56. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is neoplasm.