TNF and infection: Upon influenza virus (IV) infection, RIG-I engagement induces the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs (p38, ERK1/2, and JNK) signaling pathways, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interferon beta (IFN-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interferon-gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10) [9].