Pre-and postnatal high-fat diets alter the gut microbiota in the offspring as well as DNA methylation and histone modification that result in changing adipogenesis-related gene expression such as adiponectin, leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ), leading to increase obesity and metabolic diseases later in life [107]. The gene discussed is PPARG; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.