For example, KIM1 is upregulated in proximal tubule cells following injury; however, injuries that result in KIM1 upregulation include drug-induced toxicity, diabetic nephropathy, hypoxia, and fibrosis [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]; thus, it has been difficult to determine the cause of injury from a single molecular marker. This evidence concerns the gene HAVCR1 and diabetic kidney disease.