In total, 12 out of 14 patients showed a reduction in the lesion size 12 months after treatment initiation. Histopathological regression to low grade neoplasia (CIN1) or no disease was seen in 8 patients. Of the 6 patients that has not regressed to CIN1 or less at 12 months, 5 patients showed upregulation of PD-L1 in the lesions, and three of these patients had also persistent co-infection with other high-risk HPV strains. 16/17 patients had increased HPV16 T cell responses post vaccination. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.