As for anise EO, it has proven in vitro anti-inflammatory propensities by the inhibition of IL-1β and IL-8 secretion in a bronchial epithelial cell line [80], while its main constituent, anethole was shown to decrease IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations in an animal model of chronic and obstructive pulmonary disease [81]. Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.