PTGS2 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, compounds which were found in fruit of C. officinalis such as morroniside, loganin, and ursolic acid ameliorated diabetes-associated damages and complications, including promoting glucose uptake, inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, and oxidative stress as well as down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) [19,20,21].