For instance, some studies have shown that both IL6 and OSM are capable of inducing tumour-promoting effects through STAT3, while IL6, IL11, LIF and OSM can all promote invasion and metastasis through the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathways [79,160,161,162,163,164,165,166]. Here, PIK3CA is linked to neoplasm.