IL4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Similarly, Tiittanen et al., that in a previous study had reported an enhanced number of IL4+ cells in non-inflamed small intestinal biopsies of patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D); [30], measured the expression of different cytokines, as IFN-γ, IL4, IL8, IL10, IL15 and IL18, by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, in the small intestinal biopsies of pediatric patients with overt-CD and potential-CD, with comorbidity or not of T1D, and of control patients [31].