TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Our results show an increase in TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels in the hippocampus of model rats compared with the healthy control rats, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetes-induced rats increased 10.2-fold and 3.9-fold in the hippocampus, respectively (p < 0.01), while among all current treatment options, 10 mg/kg CurNP and 50 mg/kg ZnONP treatment significantly attenuated the increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels in type 2 diabetes-induced rats relative to the untreated model (Table 3; p < 0.01).