IL1B and acne: Furthermore, C. acnes is capable of activating several pathways leading to the release of cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α) that activate the immune system to produce inflammation via different pathways, including Toll-like receptors that induce the liberation of antimicrobial peptides (human β-defensin-1 and human β-defensin-2) and trigger matrix metalloproteinases, lipases, proteinases, and hyaluronidases backing dermal matrix destruction, which together lead to acne inflammation and the formation of scars [32,70].