TNF and gastric ulcer: Those actions include the reduction in neutrophils and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) during LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation [5]; reduction in neutrophil infiltration and serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in experimental pancreatitis [6], and decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers [7].