MAPK8 and cancer: Moreover, the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of PSO and RA-RF downregulate IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and COX-2 via downregulation of JNK phosphorylation and NF-κB protein expression Therefore, PSO and RA-RF from PSM have a potential to be further developed as therapeutic agents for lung inflammation and cancer.