In a 2019 report [12], the plasma APE1/Ref-1 expression level was significantly higher in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (75.8 pg/mL) than in patients with liver cirrhosis (29.8 pg/mL) or controls (10.8 pg/mL) (p < 0.001). Here, APEX1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.