A new cytokine (CXCL16) was investigated together with the chemokine receptor combination CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer [81]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.