VEGFA and neoplasm: Several serum tumor markers for LC have been studied extensively, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra21-1), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), interleukin 8 (IL-8), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), tumor nuclear factor-alpha (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [2,13,14,15,16,17,18].