BMP2 and diabetes mellitus: As it is known, DM is a condition that predisposes patients to increased vascular stiffness as a result of the calcification of the middle layer of the artery wall [15], which in turn predisposes patients to the development of restenosis, and one of the factors responsible for this is the overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in VSCMs [94].