CSF2 and ulcer disease: Robson et al. have used bFGF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or a placebo to treat 61 pressure ulcers; the ulcers treated with bFGF alone showed the best healing in terms of wound closure and contained higher levels of bFGF, PDGF, and TGF1 in the wound fluid [73].