PTPN11 and neoplasm: We selected two gene targets for further validation using immunohistochemistry, namely HMGA1 and PTPN11 (encodes SHP2), both of which were identified as one of the highest upregulated or downregulated genes based on the analysis of the non-tumor MF/tumor MF ratios as well as being in the top 30 most statistically significant genes in the differential expression analysis.