Our qPCR data showed that important EMT inducing genes GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1), Patched (PTCH1), twist family bHLH transcription factor 1 (TWIST1), SNAI1 and snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) (p ≤ 0.001) are induced in CCA cells in response to inflamed LECs (Figure 1E). This evidence concerns the gene TWIST1 and cholangiocarcinoma.