Further, the inflamed LECs also significantly increased the expression of critical glucose metabolic genes such as the platelet form of phosphofructokinase 1 (PFKP), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO I), mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 6 (ATP6) (p ≤ 0.05) in CCA cells indicating that ATP synthesis is enhanced (Figure 5E). Here, MT-ATP6 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.