The second hallmark, gliosis, which was also previously described in Wwox-null mice [49] but not in rats [30], was addressed by quantifying the expression of the astrocytic markers GFAP and S100β, both at protein and RNA levels, with additional markers (AQP4 and ALDH1A1) also quantified at the RNA level. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Gliosis.