MAPK1 and prostate cancer: Regarding mARs, in prostate cancer cells, a variety of pesticides, including prochloraz, vinclozolin and its metabolite M2 (3’,5’-dichloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-enanilide), have been shown to exert antiandrogen actions through ZIP9, competing with testosterone and antagonising ERK-mediated pro-apoptotic gene BAX expression and reducing ZIP-mediated intracellular free Zn2+ influx [182].