VIM and breast carcinoma: Breast cancer cell lines with increased in vitro invasiveness and in vivo metastatic potential upregulate the mesenchymal intermediate filament protein vimentin (VIM) [32], reduce cytokeratin levels and components of various cell:cell adhesion complexes such as desmoplakin (DSP), zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and E-cadherin (CDH1), with concomitant reciprocal upregulation of N-cadherin (CDH2) [33,34,35,36].