TGFB1 and prostate cancer: In contrast, loss of prostate-derived epithelial factor (PDEF), an epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor which is downregulated by TGF-β, induces EMT in PC3 prostate cancer cells [46] as does overexpression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), both activators of pro-EGF and latent TGF-β2 [47,48].