TDP43 cytoplasmic inclusions are a pathological hallmark of ALS [235] with exosomes containing oligomeric TDP43 or its C-terminal fragments causing cytoplasmic TDP43 redistribution and aggregation in recipient cells [236,237] as well as neuronal soma-to-soma and bi-directional (anterograde and retrograde) axonal TDP43 transmission [226]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.