Mutant proteins associated with ALS including SOD1, Valosin-containing protein (VCP), FUS, TDP43, other RNA-binding proteins and dipeptide repeats (DPRs) resulting from C9orf72 expansions are present in exosomes derived from cells overexpressing these proteins [227,229,230]. Here, C9orf72 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.