In the end, the study validated the scRNAseq signatures that are highly specific for tissue-resident CD8+ T cells or ISGhigh TAMs, and applied them to IMmotion 150/151 (anti-PD-L1 plus anti-VEGF or TKI), JAVELIN Renal 101 (anti-PD-L1 plus TKI) ccRCC cohorts. Here, CD8A is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.