STAT3 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For example, the mechanisms for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction could involve the initiation of Apo2L/TRAIL and death receptors 4 and 5 in non-small cell lung cancer cells [29]; the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway and the downregulation of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, MYC, and STAT-3, etc. [27,30]; the cleavage of Rock-1 and Rock-2 [31]; the generation of ROS [32]; the attenuation of MAPK, Wnt, JAK-STAT, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways [13]; and the export of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) [33].