MTOR and hepatocellular carcinoma: Another study showed that TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and FGF2 efficiently induced EMT in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines: in PC-9 cells via the Smad3 pathway, and in HCC-827 cells through Smad3, MEK/ERK, and mTOR pathways resulting in reduced sensitivity to gefitinib in both cell lines and to cisplatin only in HCC-827 cells (Figure 3) [81].