TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC patients, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immunomodulatory cytokine which maintains the inflammatory response, was increased more after IRE than after RFA; the same was observed for macrophage inflammatory protein-1b (MIP-1b)/chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), TNF-α, and IL-17 [184].