TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Furthermore, HCC patients showed a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1, and an increase in immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and IL-10) in the tumor microenvironment, resulting in a poor prognosis [29,30].