TGFB1 and triple-negative breast carcinoma: Recently, it has been shown that, in contrast to immune-rich triple-negative breast cancers, immune-rich ER-positive breast cancers are characterized by TGF-β signaling, which dampens host anti-tumor immune responses by promoting the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells, infiltration with FOXP3+ T regulatory subsets, and M2 macrophage polarization [42].