CD4 and neoplasm: Furthermore, activation and recruitment of immune components such as Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes are enhanced by HPV fostering of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) by a plethora of signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, antigen presentation and the aforementioned IFN signaling pathways [81].