Vaccines with engineered tumor cells actively secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines have been tested against a panel of metastatic tumors, including breast (autologous cancer cells expressing GM-CSF, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston; GM-CSF in combination with chemotherapy, NCI, Bethesda) and colorectal cancer (GVAX in combination with Cyclophosphamide, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore—results pending). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.