Some studies in IBD patients have shown that previous anti-TNF therapy is a risk factor for failure of treatment with vedolizumab [13,14,50,51,52,53,54,55,56], regardless of the reason for anti-TNF discontinuation; conversely others have shown that the response to vedolizumab is independent of previous anti-TNF failure [57,58,59,60,61,62,63]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.