An electronic search was performed in PubMed up to April 2021 using the following algorithm: (“inflammatory bowel disease” OR “ulcerative colitis” OR Crohn) AND (anti-TNF OR antiTNF OR infliximab OR adalimumab OR certolizumab OR golimumab) AND (vedolizumab OR ustekinumab OR tofacitinib). Here, TNF is linked to ulcerative colitis.