TNF and neoplasm: miR-195 and miR-16 enhanced the radiotherapy efficacy in PC cell lines by activating the cytotoxic T cell response (repressing T cell dysfunction), inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) in the tumor microenvironment through a PD-L1-dependent pathway [73].