CHEK1 and cancer: Similarly, activation of STAT3 and STAT1/IRF1 by RT-induced double-strand DNA breaks (DSDBs) in different types of cancer can also interact with DNA damage repair enzymes such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Mutated (ATM)-Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), ATR (ATM and Rad3-related)-Chk2, and BReast CAncer gene 1 (BRCA1).