CX3CR1 and stricture: In support of the importance of the adventitia in vascular stenoses, we note studies where adventitial injury and activation is associated with vascular stenosis [24,25,26] and also studies by Misra et al. in a mouse AVF stenosis model where adventitial therapy with a blocker of CX3CR1 [27] reduced peri-anastomotic stenosis and adventitial delivery of Vitamin D, both post angioplasty in a mouse model [28], and also reduced venous stenosis.