TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, cells of TME, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), endothelial cells and secreted cytokines, strongly affect EMT, tumor growth and metastasis; Duda et al. showed that CAFs promote lung metastasis through the selective depletion of CAFs in lung metastasis [30] via TGFβ secretion.