TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Moreover, other genetic variants associated with sporadic and familial IPF are represented by: genes involved in cell–cell adhesion (DSP, DPP9) fundamental in the maintenance of epithelial integrity, genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response (Toll-like receptor signalling, TOLLIP, TLR3), surfactant protein genes (SFTPA2-A1), cytokines and growth factors (IL1RN, IL8, IL4, TGF-β1), genes involved in telomere maintenance (TERT, OBFC1), and cell-cycle regulation genes (KIF15, MAD1L1, CDKN1A, TP53) [127].