VEGFA and neoplasm: Furthermore, tumour cells and non-malignant stromal cells secrete different growth factors such as TGF-β1, EGF, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), FGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 [212,213] that promote CAF trans-differentiation and activation, contributing to a pro-inflammatory profile and carcinogenesis.