Expression of additional signaling molecules, such as TRIM25 which induces MAVS complex formation with DExD/H-box helicase (DHX33), or MAVS mediated recruitment of TNF-receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and subsequent activation through TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), can further amplify these signaling cascades in response to influenza [10,11,12]. Here, TRAF3 is linked to influenza.