TNF and infection: Cytokine storm, as observed in severe forms of COVID-19, is a consequence of immune system overactivation caused by infection leading to hyperproduction of numerous cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6 IL-2, IL-7, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) whose uncontrolled release into circulation contribute to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction and fatal outcome [53,56,57,58].