For instance, future studies may wish to investigate the presence of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF2/Nrf2) in NDEVs, since this ‘master regulator of cellular anti-oxidant response’ may be critical in mitigating AD pathogenic cascades [40], whereas it shows nuclear localization associated with the development of a-synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease [41]. Here, NFE2L2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.